Serving Eastern Massachusetts

Course Description

Course Name:	C1 - Radar Basics and Amazing Recent Achievements
Time & Date:	6:00 - 9:00 PM, Mondays, Feb. 27, March 5, 12, 19, April 2, 9, 23, 30, May 7, 14, 2012, (If needed, Snow/make up days June 4, 11, 18)
Location:	MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Rd., Bedford, MA
Speaker:	Dr. Eli Brookner, Raytheon Company

 

The following 4 excellent books are provided FREE with your registration:

1. “Radar Technology”, Dr. Eli Brookner (Editor), Artech House, Hardcover, 432 pages, 1977, List price: $125.

This textbook covers the very basics of radar in Simple, Physical and Concise terms. Covered are: radar equation, tradeoffs, accuracy, losses, clutter; waveforms and there selection; pulse compression; matched filtering; ambiguity function; synthetic aperture radar (SAR); tracking and smoothing; Kalman filter; phased array antennas; ionosphere effects; tubes; solid state T/R modules; probability of detection (single-dwell and cumulative); pitfalls of radar system development, and spectrum control. The book gives parameters for 96 American, Russian, French, Dutch and English radars (Table 1). Photos for nearly all 96 radars plus others are provided in the text. The material in the book is easy to access and as a result the text serves as a handy reference book.

 

2. NEW: “Principles of Modern Radar, Basic Principles,” M. R. Richards, J. A. Scheer, W. A. Holm, Editors, First Ed., Hardcover, 924 pages, SciTech Publishing, 2010 Hardcover, List Price $129.

Covers all aspects of radar. Written by 15 specialists for the non-specialist. A great book to learn from and a very good reference book. A book every radar engineer should have. A real contribution to the library of radar books.

 

3. “Tracking and Kalman Filtering Made Easy”, Dr. Eli Brookner, Wiley-Interscience, 1998, 10th printing, Hardcover, 477 pages, List $132.

Fantastic book, gives an extremely simple explanation of GH, GHK and the Kalman Filters with physical understanding provided. Simple geometric and physical coverage of least-squares filtering (LSF) and its voltage methods, Gram-Schmidt, Givens and Householder. How they are all related is shown. Sidelobe canceling related to LSF. Systolic array implementations given for sidelobe cancellers. Has new sections: (1) when Kalman Filter is optimal, (2) other forms of Kalman Filter and (3) a section on Non-linear filters. Like a new edition.

 

4. “Radar Principles for the Non-Specialist”, Third Edition, J. C. Toomay and Paul J. Hannen, 300 pages, SciTech Publishing, Softcover, List Price $59.

This book is a good complement to the first book above. It also covers the basics in very simple terms, J. Toomay having been an English major and Air Force General.

 

Course Description

This course is an updated version of the Radar Technology course given previously. Those who have taken the Radar Technology previously should find it worthwhile taking this revised version. Extra lecture added in order to include coverage of NEW material consisting of but not limited to: Radar height-range coverage diagram determination using the powerful SPAWAR’s (updated ‘10) AREPS program. AREPS provides coverage for arbitrary propagation conditions (ducts [evaporation, surface, or elevated], subrefraction and superrefraction) and terrain conditions based on DTED data. AREPS now accounts for surface roughness scattering and evaluates sea and land clutter backscatter versus range.

Attendees will be told how to obtain AREPS FREE. Valued at over $7,000. Also new is the coverage of: Anomalous Propagation and what to do about it; the latest on solid state devices and transmitters including GaN, SiC, SiGe; Breakthroughs in Radar — $10 T/R module, Digital Beam Forming (DBF), MIMO, Packaging, Disruptive Technology, Metamaterials, Memristors, Tubes. Also covered are STAP, AMTI, DPCA, System Temperature.

Updated course is framed around 4 FREE books listed above. Also given out free are supplementary notes consisting of copies of >800 vugraphs plus paper reprints by Dr. Brookner.

For the beginner, basics such as the radar equation, MTI (Moving Target Indicator) and pulse doppler processing, antenna-scanning techniques, pulse compression, CFAR, RAC and SAW devices are explained in simple terms. Dome antenna, CCDs, BBDs, SAW devices, SAW monolithic convolvers, microstrip antennas, ultra-low antenna sidelobes (<-40 dB), stacked beam and phased array systems, (1-D, 2-D, Limited Field of View [LFOV]), Moving Target Detection (MTD).

For both the novice and experienced covered are tracking, prediction and smoothing in simple terms (mystery taken out of GH, GHK and Kalman filters); the latest developments and future trend in solid state, tube and digital processing technologies; synthetic aperture radar (SAR): Displaced Phase Center Antenna (DPCA); digital beam forming (DBF); Adaptive-Adaptive Array Processing for jammer suppression with orders of magnitude reduction in computation; RECENT AMAZING RADAR BREAKTHROUGHS. These will be explained so that the inexperienced can follow as well.

Lecture 1, Feb. 27.

FUNDAMENTALS OF Radar: Part 1: HISTORY of Radar — Major achievements since WWII: PHASED ARRAYS: Principles explained with COBRA DANE used as example. Near and Far Field Defined, Phased Steering, Time Delay Steering, Subarraying, Array Weighting, Monopulse, Duplexing, Array Thinning, embedded element, COBRA DANE slide tour (6 stories building). Radar equation derived.

Lecture 2, March 5.

FUNDAMENTALS OF Radar: Part 2: FREQUENCY TRADEOFFS: Search vs Track, Range and Doppler Ambiguities, Detection in Clutter. Blind Velocity region, range eclipsing, Environmental Factors, Dependence of clutter model on grazing angle and size radar resolution cell discussed, Weibull clutter: Polarization Choice, Detection of Low Flying Low Cross-Section Targets, Antenna Pattern Lobing in Elevation due to multipath, Ground Multipath Elevation Angle Error Problem and ways to cope with it, e.g., use of an even difference pattern Off-Axis Monopulse, Complex Monopulse, Two Frequency Radar Systems: Marconi L- and S-band S631, Signaal/Thales (Holland),Flycatcher X and Ka System; Tube and Solid State OTH Radars

Lecture 3, March 12.

FUNDAMENTALS of Radar: Part 3: PROPAGATION: standard, superrefraction, subrefraction, surface-based ducts, evaporation ducts. Determination of radar coverage using new AREPS program. ANTENNA SCANNING SYSTEMS: Fixed Beam System: Wake Measurement Radar; 2-D Radars, 3-D Radars: Stacked Beam: Marconi Martello, Smart-L, SMARTELLO, ARSR-4; 1-D Frequency Scanning: ITT Series 320; 1-D Phased Scanning: TPS-59, GE-592, RAT-31DL; Phased-Frequency Scanners: Raytheon Fire Finder and Plessey AR320; Limited and Hemispherical Scanning (Dome Antenna) related and explained in simple terms.

Lecture 4, March 1.

FUNDAMENTALS of Radar: Part 4: ULTRA LOW ANTENNA SIDELOBES (40 dB down or more). MOVING TARGET INDICATORS (MTI): Two-Pulse Canceller, Pulse Doppler Processing; MOVING TARGET DETECTOR (MTD); Optimum Clutter Canceller, STAP, AMTI, DPCA

Lecture 5, April 2.

TRENDS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING: Part 1: What is PULSE COMPRESSION? Matched Filters; Chirp Waveform Defined; ANALOG PROCESSING: Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Devices: Reflective Array Compressor (RAC), Delay Lines, Bandpass Filters, Oscillators, Resonators; IMCON Devices; Analog Programmable Monolithic SAW Convolver; BBD/CCD. What are they?

Lecture 6, April 9.

TRENDS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING: Part 2: DIGITAL PROCESSING: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT); Butterfly, Pipeline and In-Place Computation explained in simple terms; Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) Spectral Estimate; State-of-the-art of A/Ds, FPGAs and Memory; Signal Processor Architectures: Pipeline FFT, Distributed, Systolic; Digital Beam Forming (DBF)

Lecture 7, April 23.

COMPONENT TRENDS: SOLID STATE PHASED-ARRAY TRANSMITTERS: Discrete All Solid State PAVE PAWS; advantages over tube radar; BMEWS. MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuitry; integrated circuitry applied to microwave circuitry). Ex.: THAAD, SPY-3, IRIDIUM, XBR, JLENS. Solid State ‘Bottle’ Transmitters: ASR -11/DASR, ASR-23SS, ASDE-X

SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR): Strip, Spotlight, Digital processing

Lecture 8, April 30

AMAZING ADVANCES: 3, 4, 6 face “Aegis” systems developed by China, Japan, Australia, Netherlands, USA; Israel and Australia “Aegis” S-band AESAs have an A/D at every element, a MAJOR BREAKTHROUGH; GaN advancing rapidly; Extreme MMIC: Microwave Integration at the extreme — circuitry for 8 to 32 element array circuitry on single SiGe/BICMOS chip; 4 X-band T/Rs on one SiGe chip for DARPA ISIS program — goal <$10/TR; 20million T/R module ISIS array at X-band; Raytheon funding development of low cost flat panel X-band array using COTS type PCB; Lincoln-Lab /MA-COM developing low cost S-band flat panel array using PCB, overlapped subarrays and a T/R switch instead of a circulator; Purdue Un. developing S-band low cost Digital Array Radar — GaN PA and A/D at every element; Revolutionary 3-D Micromachining: integrated circuitry for microwave components, like 16 element Ka-band array with Butler beamformer on 13X2 cm2 chip; Valeo-Raytheon 24 GHz phased array now available for blind spot detection in cars for just $100’s – over 1 million sold; Lincoln Lab using 2 W chip increases spurious free dynamic range of receiver plus A/D by 20 dB; JPL’s SweepSAR provides wide swath SAR from space with 1/6 the power required by ScanSAR; Metamaterials: 1. Can now focus 6Xs beyond diffraction limit at 0.38 ìm – Moore’s Law marches on. 2. Used in cell phones to obtain antennas 5Xs smaller and have 700 MHz-2.7 GHz bandwidth. 3. Provides isolation between closely spaced antennas and antenna elements; potential for self cooling terahertz clock speeds using graphene transistors — could be used for nonvolatile memory, flexible displays and camouflage clothing; mm gyrotrons; practical MIMO; low cost 77 GHz radar on-a-chip (72 mm2) contains A/D, 16 element array; Lincoln Lab and AFRL X-band developing 600 MHz instantaneous wideband DBF at element level; Low cost DBF at element arrays for on-the-move Ethernet; 100 GFlops in cell phone using only 2 W instead of the present required 600 W for the same throughput — goal of DARPA UHPC program; 3D display from 2D image without the need for special eyeglasses —can be used for displaying 3D ISAR image, being used for video games; potential use of electron spin for memory; biodegradable array of transistors or LEDs for detecting cancer or low glucose and for then dispensing chemotherapy or insulin; we may still achieve superconductivity at room temperature. Superconductivity recently obtained for first time with iron compounds. May reveal what leads to superconductivity; Principal Components of matrix formed from prominent scaterers track history used to determine target unknown motion and thus compensate for it to provide focused ISAR image.

Lecture 9, May 7.

TRACKING, PREDICTION AND SMOOTHING: Simple Algebra and Physical explanation. Mystery taken out of áâ (GH) Filter; Errors of; Fading Memory; Benedict-Bordner; Example Designs; Stability; Tracking Initiation; áâã (GHK) Filter; Kalman Filter Explained in simple physical terms; Why Kalman Filter?; Relationship to GH and GHK Filters; Matrix Notation; Simple Derivation.

Lecture 10, May 11.

HOW TO LOOK LIKE A GENIUS IN DETECTION WITHOUT REALLY TRYING: Simple procedure for determining detection using Meyer Plots, MATLAB, Excel and MATHCAD is presented. No detailed mathematics used, emphasis on physical understanding of target models (non-fluctuating, Marcum, Swerling, Weinstock, Chi-Square, Rayleigh, Lognormal, Rice and YGIAGAM) and performance results. Also covered are beam shape, CFAR, mismatch loss

Your Registration Includes:

Four textbooks		$445
Reprints		$75
Over 800 Vugraphs		$50

Decision (Run/Cancel) Date for this Courses is Friday, February 17, 2012

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